Read the bottleneck
Use the evidence in front of you to find what is actually limiting the system.
For people deciding how a product should change as traffic and complexity grow.
Use the evidence in front of you to find what is actually limiting the system.
Compare caching, queues, replication, and service boundaries without reaching for all of them.
Explain what your change improves, what it costs, and when it stops being enough.
Scale a URL shortener from its first users to global traffic.